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The American Heritage Children's Dictionary

Books to Build on: A Grade-By-Grade Resource Guide for Parents and Teachers (Core Knowledge Series)

Valerie & Walter's Best Books for Children: A Lively, Opinionated Guide

1.1. understand and follow one-and two-step oral directions

1.2. share information, opinions and questions, speaking audibly in coherent, complete sentences

Comprehension:

1.1 listen attentively by orienting self to speaker

1.2. ask questions to clear up confusion about a topic

1.3. give, restate and follow simple two-step directions

Organization & Delivery of a Speech:

1.4. select a focus when speaking

1.5. use descriptive words when speaking about people, places, things, and events

1.6. read aloud with fluency and comprehension in a manner that sounds like natural speech

Comprehension:

1.1. determine the purpose(s) for listening (e.g., get information, solve problems, for enjoyment)

1.2. ask for clarification and explanation of stories and ideas

1.3. paraphrase information shared orally by others

1.4. give and follow three- and four-step oral directions

Organization & Delivery of a Speech:

1.5. organize presentations to maintain a clear focus

1.6. speak clearly at an understandable pace

1.7. read aloud with fluency, accuracy, intonation, and expression in a manner that indicates and aids comprehension

Comprehension:

1.1. retell, paraphrase, and explain what has been said by a speaker

1.2. connect prior experiences, insights, and ideas to those of a speaker's

1.3. respond to questions with appropriate elaboration

1.4. identify the musical elements of literary language (e.g., rhymes, repeated sounds, or instances of onomatopoeia)

Group Work:

1.5. work in small groups to make presentations (e.g., specify goals and the best course of action, take turns speaking)

Organization & Delivery of a Speech:

1.6. organize ideas in presentations chronologically or around major points of information

1.7. provide a beginning, middle and ending, including concrete details that elaborate a central impression

1.8. use clear and specific vocabulary to communicate ideas and establish tone

1.9. clarify and support spoken messages through use of appropriate props (e.g., objects, pictures, charts)

1.10. read prose and poetry aloud with fluency, rhythm, pace, and appropriate intonation and vocal patterns to emphasize key ideas and areas of importance expressed by the author

Analysis & Evaluation of an Oral

Message:

1.11. compare ideas and points of

view in the media

1.12. distinguish between speaker's opinions and verifiable facts

Comprehension:

1.1. ask thoughtful questions and respond to relevant questions with appropriate elaboration in oral settings

1.2. summarize major ideas and supporting evidence presented in spoken messages and formal presentations

1.3. identify how language use (sayings, usages) reflects regions and cultures

1.4. give precise directions and instructions

Group Work:

1.5. address a specific problem in a group by specifying the goals, devising alternative solutions, considering the risks of each and choosing the best course of action

Organization & Delivery of a Speech:

1.6. present effective introductions and conclusions that guide and inform the listener's understanding of key ideas and evidence

1.7. use traditional structures for conveying information such as cause and effect, similarity and difference, and posing and answering a question

1.8. emphasize points to assist the listener/viewer in following salient ideas and concepts

1.9. use details, examples, anecdotes, or experiences to explain or clarify information

1.10. use appropriate volume, pitch, phrasing, and pace, using language and gestures expressively to communicate meaning

Analysis & Evaluation of an Oral Message:

1.11. evaluate the role of the media in focusing attention, and in forming an opinion

Comprehension:

1.1. ask questions that seek information not already discussed

1.2. interpret speakers' messages (both verbal and nonverbal), purposes, and perspectives

1.3. make inferences or draw conclusions based on an oral report

Group Work:

1.4. share ideas, opinions, and information with a group, choosing vocabulary and a turn of phrase that communicates their messages clearly, precisely, and effectively

Organization & Delivery of a Speech

1.5. select a focus, organization, and point of view in the oral presentation

1.6. clarify and support spoken ideas with evidence, elaborations, and examples

1.7. engage audience with appropriate verbal cues, facial expressions, and gestures

Analysis & Evaluation of Oral and Media Messages:

1.8. identify and analyze the persuasive techniques (promises, dares and flattery, glittering generalities, logical fallacies) used in oral presentations and media messages

1.9. analyze media as information provider, entertainer, persuader, informer, transmitter of culture

Comprehension:

1.1. relate speaker's verbal communication (e.g., word choice, pitch, feeling, tone) and non-verbal messages (e.g., posture, gestures)

1.2. identify the tone, mood, emotion conveyed in the oral communication

1.3. restate and execute multi-step oral instructions and directions

Group Work:

1.4. employ group decision-making technique such as problem-solving (e.g., define problem, divide labor efficiently, identify solutions, select and implement optimal solution)

Organization & Delivery of a Speech

1. 5. select a focus, organization, and point of view, matching purpose, message, occasion, and voice modulation to the audience

1.6. emphasize salient points to assist the listener in following main ideas and concepts

1.7. support opinions expressed with detailed evidence, visuals or media displays, using appropriate technology

1.8. use effective rate, volume, pitch and tone and align non-verbal elements to hold audience attention

Analysis & Evaluation of Oral and Media Messages:

1.9. analyze the use of rhetorical devices for their intent and effects (cadence, repetitive patterns, use of onomatopoeia.)

1.10. identify persuasive and propaganda techniques used in television and identify false and misleading information

Comprehension:

1.1. ask probing questions designed to elicit purposeful information, including evidence to support listener's claims and conclusions.

1.2. determine speaker's attitude toward the subject

1.3. respond to persuasive messages with questions, challenges, or affirmations

Group Work:

1.4. define roles and share responsibility for a team project; set objectives and time frame for work to be completed; establish process for group decision-making; review progress and make adjustments

Organization & Delivery of a Speech:

1.5. shape information to achieve a particular purpose and to appeal to the interests and background knowledge of audience members

1.6. arrange details, reasons, descriptions, examples effectively and persuasively in terms of the needs and interests of a specified audience

1.7. uses explicit techniques for effective presentations, including voice modulation, inflection, tempo, enunciation, and eye contact

Analysis & Evaluation of Oral and Media Messages:

1.8. provide feedback to speakers concerning their content, delivery, and overall impact upon listener(s)

1.9. analyze the effect of images, text, and sound in electronic journalism on the viewer, distinguishing the techniques used in each to achieve these effects

Comprehension:

1.1. analyze oral interpretations of literature (language choice and delivery) for effects on the listener

Group Work:

1.2. define roles and share responsibility for a team project; specify goals and constraints; generate alternatives; consider risks; evaluate and choose solutions; monitor progress and make adjustments to meet stated objectives

Organization & Delivery of a Speech:

1. 3. shape information to achieve a particular purpose, matching message, vocabulary, voice modulation, expression and tone to audience and purpose

1.4. write speech outlines consisting of an introduction, transitions, previews, and summaries, a logically developed body, and a conclusion reflecting the chosen pattern of organization


1.5. use precise language, action verbs, sensory details, appropriate and colorful modifiers, and active rather than passive voice to enliven oral presentations

1.6. use appropriate grammar, word choice, enunciation, and pacing during formal presentations

1.7. use audience feedback (verbal and non-verbal cues) to

1) reconsider and modify organizational structure/plan

2) rearrange words, sentences to clarify meaning

Analysis & Evaluation of Oral and Media Messages:

1.8. evaluate the credibility of the speaker (e.g., hidden agendas, slanted or biased material)

1.9. interpret and evaluate the various ways visual image makers (graphic artists, illustrators, news photographers) represent meaning

Comprehension:

1.1 paraphrase the speaker's purpose and point of view and ask relevant questions concerning a speaker's content, delivery, and purpose

1.2. recognize media genres (nightly news, newsmagazines, documentaries, Internet) and compare and contrast how they cover the same event

Group Work:

1.3. express and defend points of view in a group setting by formulating sound, rational arguments and applying the art of persuasion and debate

Organization & Delivery of a Speech:

1.4. choose purpose for effective speech, including:

1) to inform and create interest in a topic

2) to persuade by soliciting agreement or action

3) to inspire or unite audiences in a common belief or cause

1.5. present and advance a clear thesis statement and logical points, claims, or arguments to support messages

1.6. recognize and use elements of classical speech form (introduction, first and second transitions, body, and conclusion)


1.7. use effective appeals and valid evidence from reliable sources to support points, claims, or arguments

1.8. use props, visual aids, graphs, and electronic media to enhance presentations

1.9. produce concise notes for extemporaneous delivery

1.10. use feedback to judge effectiveness of communication

Analysis & Evaluation of Oral and Media Messages:

1.11. analyze a group of historic speeches for the features that make them memorable

1.12. assess how language choice and delivery affect the mood and tone of the message and impact the audience

1.13. critique the quality, relevance, organization and types of evidence presented

Comprehension:

1.1 formulate judgments about the ideas under discussion and support those judgments with convincing evidence

Group Work:

1.2. work effectively in group settings (e.g., identify individual interests, and skills; work toward consensus by exchanging resources and resolving divergent interests; monitor individual performance and team effectiveness; and provide constructive feedback)

Organization & Delivery of Speech:

1. 3. demonstrate understanding of the elements of oral discourse (purpose, speaker, audience, form) when completing expressive, persuasive, informational or literary speaking assignments

1.4. choose appropriate devices for introduction and conclusion (e.g., literary quotations, anecdotes, quotations from authorities)

1.5. choose logical patterns of organization (e.g., chronological, topical, cause/effect) to support chosen topics and purposes

1.6. choose appropriate types of proofs (e.g., statistics, testimony, and specific instances) that meet standard tests for evidence, including their credibility, validity , and relevance

1.7. employ appropriate strategies for clarity, including previews, signposts, transitions, and summaries

1.8. analyze interests of the audience and implications of the occasion to choose effective verbal and nonverbal strategies for presentations (voice, gestures, eye contact)

1.9. project a sense of individuality and personality in selecting and organizing content and delivery

Analysis & Evaluation of Oral and Media Messages:

1.10. evaluate the clarity, effectiveness, and overall coherence of a speaker's key points, arguments, organization of ideas, delivery, diction and syntax

1.11. analyze a types of arguments used by the speaker, including argument by causation, analogy, authority, emotion, logic

1.12. identify the aesthetic effects of a media presentation and identify and evaluate the techniques used to create them (e.g., compare Shakespeare's Henry V to Kenneth Branagh's 1990 film version)

Comprehension:

1.1. recognize strategies used by media to inform, persuade, entertain, and transmit culture (e.g., advertising, perpetuation of stereotypes, use of visual representations, special effects, and language)

1.2. interpret and evaluate the various ways visual image makers (graphic artists, documentary filmmakers, illustrators, news photographers) represent meaning

Group Work:

1.3. assume leadership roles in team settings by communicating thoughts, feelings and ideas to justify a position; effectively delegating tasks and responsibilities; finding options for mutual gain; and using objective evaluation criteria

Organization & Delivery of a Speech:

1.4. use elements such as point of view, characterization, and irony for specific rhetorical and aesthetic purposes

1.5. distinguish among, and use various forms of, classical and contemporary logical and critical thinking :

1) inductive and deductive reasoning

2) reasoning from syllogisms and analogies


1.6. demonstrate the use of appropriate rehearsal strategies to achieve command of text, skillful and artistic staging, and attention to performance details

1.7. make effective and interesting choices for using language in speeches, including:

1) informal usage for effect

2) standard English for clarity,

3) technical language for specificity

Analysis & Evaluation of Oral and Media Messages:

1.8. identify and critique a variety of persuasive techniques and how they are used in advertising, news formats, speeches

1.9. identify logical fallacies present in oral addresses (e.g., attack ad hominem, false causality, red herring, overgeneralization, bandwagoning)

Comprehension:

1.1. analyze the impact of media on the state, nation, and democratic process (influence on elections, promotion of tourism, creating images of leaders, shaping attitudes)

1.2. recognize how visual and sound techniques design or convey messages in media (such as special effects, editing cameral angles, reaction shots sequencing, music)

Group Work:

1.3. work effectively in group settings to solve a specific problem (e.g., gather and analyze data; determine the history and politics of the situation; identify and allocate available resources; design and justify solution; track and evaluate the results)

Organization & Delivery of a Speech:

1.4. structure ideas and arguments in a sustained, persuasive and sophisticated way and support them with precise and relevant examples

1.5. use rhetorical questions, parallelism, concrete images, figurative language and dialogue to achieve clarity, force, and aesthetic effect

1.6. use logical, ethical, and/or emotional appeals that enhance a specific topic, purpose, and tone

1.7. use research and analysis to justify strategies for focus, gesture, and movement ; and apply research to justify vocal strategies (rate, volume, pause), dialect, pronunciation and enunciation

1.8. evaluate when to use different kinds of images (images, music, sound effects, graphics) to create an effective production)

Analysis & Evaluation of Oral and Media Messages:

1.9. critique the impact of diction and syntax used by speakers upon purpose and audience

1.10. analyze the four basic types of persuasive speeches (propositions of fact, value, problem, or policy) and their use of patterns of organization, persuasive language, reasoning and proofs

1.11. analyze the techniques used in media message for a particular audience and evaluate their effectiveness (e.g., Orson Welles' radio broadcast, "War of the Worlds" )