Growing Up Drug Free: A Parent's Guide To Prevention

Part 2

by U.S. Department of Education

Contents

Part 1

Part 2

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Alcohol

Alcohol consumption causes a number of changes in behavior. Even low doses significantly impair the judgment and coordination required to drive a car safely. Low to moderate doses of alcohol can increase the incidence of a variety of aggressive acts, including spouse and child abuse. Moderate to high doses of alcohol cause marked impairments in higher mental functions, severely altering a person's ability to learn and remember information. Very high doses cause respiratory depression and death.

Continued use of alcohol can lead to dependence. Sudden cessation of alcohol intake is likely to produce withdrawal symptoms, including severe anxiety, tremors, hallucinations, and convulsions. Long-term effects of consuming large quantities of alcohol, especially when combined with poor nutrition, can lead to permanent damage to vital organs such as the brain and the liver. In addition, mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy may give birth to infants with fetal alcohol syndrome. These infants may suffer from mental retardation and other irreversible physical abnormalities. In addition, research indicates that children of alcoholic parents are at greater risk than other children of becoming alcoholics.

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Tobacco

The smoking of tobacco products is the chief avoidable cause of death in our society. Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to contract heart disease some 170,000 die each year from smoking-related coronary heart disease. Lung, larynx, esophageal, bladder, pancreatic, and kidney cancers also strike smokers at increased rates. Some 30 percent of cancer deaths (130,000 per year) are linked to smoking. Chronic, obstructive lung diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis are 10 times more likely to occur among smokers than among nonsmokers.

Smoking during pregnancy also poses serious risks. Spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, low birth weights, and fetal and infant deaths are all more likely to occur when the pregnant woman is a smoker.

Cigarette smoke contains some 4,000 chemicals, several of which are known carcinogens. Perhaps the most dangerous substance in tobacco smoke is nicotine. Nicotine is the substance that reinforces and strengthens the desire to smoke. Because nicotine is highly addictive, addicts find it very difficult to stop smoking. Of 1,000 typical smokers, fewer than 20 percent succeed in stopping on the first try.

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Cannabis

All forms of cannabis have negative physical and mental effects. Several regularly observed physical effects of cannabis are a substantial increase in the heart rate, bloodshot eyes, a dry mouth and throat, and increased appetite.

Use of cannabis may impair or reduce short-term memory and comprehension, alter sense of time, and reduce ability to perform tasks requiring concentration and coordination, such as driving a car. Motivation and cognition may be altered, making the acquisition of new information difficult. Marijuana can also produce paranoia and psychosis.

Because users often inhale the unfiltered smoke deeply and then hold it in their lungs as long as possible, marijuana is damaging to the lungs and pulmonary system. Marijuana smoke contains more cancer-causing agents than tobacco smoke. Long-term users of cannabis may develop psychological dependence and require more of the drug to get the same effect. The drug can become the center of their lives.

Type:	Nickname:	Looks like:	How it is used:
Marijuana,	Pot, Reefer, Dope, Ganja, Grass, Weed, Mary Jane,Sinsemilla, Bum Bud, or Dank	like dried parsley with stems and/or seeds; rolled into cigarettes	smoked or eaten
Tetrahydro cannabinol	THC	Soft gelatin capsules	Taken orally
Hashish	Hash	Brown or black cakes or balls	Smoked or eaten
Hashish	Hash Oil	Concentrated syrupy liquid varying in color from clear to black	Smoked mixed with tobacco

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Inhalants

The immediate negative effects of inhalants include nausea, sneezing, coughing, nosebleeds, fatigue, lack of coordination, and loss of appetite. Solvents and aerosol sprays also decrease the heart and respiratory rates and impair judgment. Amyl and butyl nitrite cause rapid pulse, headaches, and involuntary passing of urine and feces. Long-term use may result in hepatitis or brain damage.

Deeply inhaling the vapors, or using large amounts over a short time, may result in disorientation, violent behavior, unconsciousness, or death. High concentrations of inhalants can cause suffocation by displacing the oxygen in the lungs or by depressing the central nervous system to the point that breathing stops.

Long-term use can cause weight loss, fatigue, electrolyte imbalance, and muscle fatigue. Repeated sniffing of concentrated vapors over time can permanently damage the nervous system.

Type:	Nickname:	Looks like:	How used:
Nitrous Oxide	Laughing gas or Whippets	Small 8-gram metal cylinder sold with a balloon or pipe propellant for whipped cream in aerosol spray can	Vapors
Amyl Nitrite	Poppers or Snappers	clear yellowish liquids in ampules	Vapors inhaled
Butyl Nitrite	Rush, Bolt, Bullet, Locker Room, and Climax	In small bottles	Vapors inhaled
Chlorohydrocarbons	Aerosol sprays or cleaning fluids	Aerosol paint cans	Vapors inhaled
Hydrocarbons	Solvents	Cans of aerosol,propellants, gasoline inhaled glue, paint thinner	Vapors inhaled

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Cocaine

Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system. Its immediate effects include dilated pupils and elevated blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature. Occasional use can cause a stuffy or runny nose, while chronic use can ulcerate the mucous membrane of the nose. Injecting cocaine with contaminated equipment can cause AIDS, hepatitis, and other diseases. Preparation of freebase, which involves the use of volatile solvents, can result in death or injury from fire or explosion.

Crack or freebase rock is extremely addictive, and its effects are felt within 10 seconds. The physical effects include dilated pupils, increased pulse rate, elevated blood pressure, insomnia, loss of appetite, tactile hallucinations, paranoia, and seizure. The use of cocaine can cause death by cardiac arrest or respiratory failure.

Type:	Nickname:	Looks like:	How used:
Cocaine	Coke, Snow, Nose candy, Flake, Blow, Big C, Lady White, and Snowbirds	White crystalline powder	Inhaled, injected
Crack	Crack, rock, freebase	White to tan pellets crystalline rocks that look like soap	Smoked

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Other Stimulants

Stimulants can cause increased heart and respiratory rates, elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils, and decreased appetite. In addition, users may experience sweating, headache, blurred vision, dizziness, sleeplessness, and anxiety. Extremely high doses can cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat, tremors, loss of coordination, and even physical collapse. An amphetamine injection creates a sudden increase in blood pressure that can result in stroke, very high fever, or heart failure.

In addition to the physical effects, users report feeling restless, anxious, and moody. Higher doses intensify the effects. Persons who use large amounts of amphetamines over a long period of time can develop an amphetamine psychosis that includes hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia. These symptoms usually disappear when drug use ceases.

Type:	Nickname:	Looks like:	How used:
Amphetamines	Speed, Uppers, Ups, Black beauties, Pep pills, Copilots, Bumblebees, Hearts, Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Footballs, and Biphetamine	Capsules, Pills, tablets	Taken orally, injected, inhaled
Methamphetamines	Crank, Crystal meth, Crystal methedrine, rock and Speed	White power, pills that resembles block of paraffin	Taken orally, injected,
Additional Stimulants	Ritalin, Cylert, Preludin, Didrex, Pre-State, Voranil, Sandrex, and Plegine	Pills or capsules	Taken orally, injected

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Depressants

The effects of depressants are in many ways similar to the effects of alcohol. Small amounts can produce calmness and relaxed muscles, but larger doses can cause slurred speech, staggering gait, and altered perception. Very large doses can cause respiratory depression, coma, and death. The combination of depressants and alcohol can multiply the effects of the drugs, increasing the risks.

Regular use of depressants over time can result in physical and psychological addiction. People who suddenly stop taking large doses can experience withdrawal symptoms, including anxiety, insomnia, tremors, delirium, convulsions, and death. Babies born to mothers who abuse depressants may also be physically dependent on the drugs and show withdrawal symptoms shortly after they are born. Birth defects and behavioral problems also may result.

Type:	Nickname:	Looks like:	How used:
Barbiturates	Downers, Barbs, Blue Devils, Red Devils, Yellow Jacket,Yellows, Nembutal, Tuinals, Seconal, and Amytal	red, yellow, blue, or red and blue cap-capsules	Taken orally
Methaqualone	Quaaludes, Ludes, Sopors	Tablets	Taken orally
Tranquilizers	Valium, Librium, Miltown, Serax, Equanil, Miltown, and Tranxene	Tablets or capsules	Taken orally

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Hallucinogens

Phencyclidine (PCP) interrupts the functions of the neocortex, the section of the brain that controls the intellect and keeps instincts in check. Because the drug blocks pain receptors, violent PCP episodes may result in self-inflicted injuries. The effects of PCP vary, but users frequently report a sense of distance and estrangement. Time and body movement are slowed down. Muscular coordination worsens and senses are dulled. Speech is blocked and incoherent. In later stages of chronic use, users often exhibit paranoid and violent behavior and experience hallucinations. Large doses may produce convulsions and coma, as well as heart and lung failure.

Lysergic acid (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin cause illusions and hallucinations. The physical effects may include dilated pupils, elevated body temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, and tremors. The user may experience panic, confusion, suspicion, anxiety, and loss of control. Delayed effects, or flashbacks, can occur even when use has ceased.

Type:	Nickname:	Looks like:	How used:
Phencyclidine	PCP, Hog, Angel Dust, boat, Lovely, Killer weed	Liquid, white crystalline powder, pillscapsules	Taken orally, injected, smoked (sprayed) on joints, cigarettes)
Lysergic acid diethylamide	LSD, Acid, Microdot,White lighting, blue heaven, and Sugar cubes	Colored tablets, blotter paper, clear liquid, thin squares of gelatin	Taken orally, licked off paper, gelatin and liquid can be put in eyes
Mescaline	Mesc, Buttons, and Cactus	Hard brown discs, tablets, capsules	Discs--chewed, swallowed, or smoked, Tablets and capsules--taken orally
Psilocybin	Magic Mushrooms, 'shrooms	Fresh or dried mushrooms	Chewed and swallowed

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Narcotics

Narcotics initially produce a feeling of euphoria that often is followed by drowsiness, nausea, and vomiting. Users also may experience constricted pupils, watery eyes, and itching. An overdose may produce slow and shallow breathing, clammy skin, convulsions, coma, and possible death.

Tolerance to narcotics develops rapidly and dependence is likely. The use of contaminated syringes may result in disease such as AIDS, endocarditis, and hepatitis. Addiction in pregnant women can lead to premature, stillborn, or addicted infants who experience severe withdrawal symptoms.

Type:	Nickname:	Looks like:	How used:
Heroin	Smack, Horse, Mud, Brown sugar, junk, black tar, and Big H	White to dark-brown powder or tarlike substance	Injected, smoked, or inhaled
Codeine	Empirin compound with codeine, Tylenol with codeine, Codeine in cough medicine	Dark liquid varying in thickness, capsules, tablets	Taken orally, injected
Morphine	Pectoral syrup	White crystals, tablets, or hypodermic injectable solutions	Taken orally, injected, or smoked
Opium	Paregoric, Dover's powder, Parepectolin powder	Dark brown chunks,	Smoked, eaten or injected
Meperidine	Pethidine, Demerol, Mepergan	White powder, solution, tablets	Taken orally, injected
Other Narcotics	Percocet,Percodan,Tussionex, Fentanyl, Darvon, Talwin, and Lomotil	Tables or capsules	Taken orally, injected

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Designer Drugs

Illegal drugs are defined in the terms of their chemical formulas. To circumvent these legal restriction underground chemists modify the molecular structure of certain illegal drugs to produce analogs known as designer drugs. These drugs can be several hundred times stronger than the drugs they are designed to imitate.

The narcotic analogs can cause symptoms such as those seen in Parkinson's disease: uncontrollable tremors, drooling, impaired speech, paralysis, and irreversible brain damage. Analogs of amphetamines and methamphetamines cause nausea, blurred vision, chills or sweating, and faintness. Psych logical effects include anxiety, depression, and paranoia. As little as one dose can cause brain damage The analogs of phencyclidine cause illusions, hallucinations, and impaired perception.

Type:	Nickname:	Looks like:	How used:
Analog of Fentanyl (Narcotic)	Synthetic heroin, China white	White powder	Inhaled,injected
Analog of Meperidine (Narcotic)	MPTP (New heroin), MPPP, synthetic heroin	White powder	Inhaled, injected
Analog of Anphetamines or Methamphetamines (Hallucinogens)	MDMA (Ecstasy, XCT, Adam, Essence), MDM, STP, PMA, 2, 5-DMA, TMA, DOM, DOB, EVE	White powder, tablets, or capsules	Taken orally,injected, or inhaled
Analog of Phencyclidine (PCP)	PCPy, PCE	White powder	Taken orally,injected, or smoked

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Anabolic Steroids

Anabolic steroids are a group of powerful compounds closely related to the male sex hormone testosterone. Developed in the 1930's, steroids are seldom prescribed by physicians today. Current legitimate medical uses are limited to certain kinds of anemia, severe burns, and some types of breast cancer.

Taken in combination with a program of muscle-building exercise and diet, steroids may contribute to increases in body weight and muscular strength. Steroid users subject themselves to more than 70 side effects ranging in severity from liver cancer to acne and including psychological as well as physical reactions. The liver and cardiovascular and reproductive systems are most seriously affected by steroid use. In males, use can cause withered testicles, sterility, and impotence. In females, irreversible masculine traits can develop along with breast reduction and sterility. Psychological effects in both sexes include very aggressive behavior known as "roid rage" and depression. While some side effects appear quickly, others, such as heart attacks and strokes, may not show up for years.

Signs of steroid use include quick weight and muscle gains (when used in a weight training program); aggressiveness and combativeness; jaundice; purple or red spots on the body; swelling of feet and lower legs; trembling; unexplained darkening of the skin; and persistent unpleasant breath odor.

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Resources

The Department of Education does not endorse any private or commercial products or services, or products or services not affiliated with the Federal Government. The sources of information listed here are intended only as a partial listing of the resources that are available to readers of this booklet. Readers are encouraged to research and inform themselves of the products or services, relating to drug and alcohol abuse, that are available to them.

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Where to get Information and Help

Many hospitals, community colleges, and other organizations offer classes for parents that are designed to improve communication and understanding between parents and children. Consult your local library, school, or community service organization for more information.

Action. Through its Drug Alliance, the Federal Domestic Volunteer Agency promotes community based, volunteer drug use prevention projects for at-risk youth and the elderly. (See your telephone Blue Pages.)

Alcoholics Anonymous. This organization is a fellowship of men and women who share their experiences to solve a common problem (alcoholism) and to help other alcoholics achieve sobriety. The organization is worldwide. (See your telephone White Pages.)

Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters. Al-Anon was established as a resource for family members and friends of alcoholics. It is a free, nonprofessional, worldwide organization with more than 30,000 groups. (See your telephone White Pages.)

American Council for Drug Education. This organization provides information on drug use, develops media campaigns, reviews scientific findings, publishes books and a newsletter, and offers films and curriculum materials for preteens. 204 Monroe Street, Rockville, MD 20850. Telephone 1-800488 DRUG/(301) 294-0600.

Chemical People Project. The project supplies information in the form of tapes, literature, and seminars. The Public Television Outreach Alliance, c/o WQED-TV, 4802 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Telephone (412) 391-0900.

Families Anonymous, Inc. This worldwide organization offers a 12-step, self-help program for families and friends of people with behavioral problems usually associated with drug abuse. The organization is similar in structure to Alcoholics Anonymous. P.O. Box 528, Van Nuys, CA 91408. Telephone (818) 989-7841.

Families in Action National Drug Information Center. This organization publishes Drug Abuse Update, a quarterly journal of news and information for persons interested in drug prevention. $25 for four issues. 2296 Henderson Mill Road, Suite 204, Atlanta, GA 30345. Telephone (404) 934-6364.

Hazelden Foundation. This foundation distributes educational materials and self-help literature for participants in 12-step recovery programs and for the professionals who work in the field. Pleasant Valley Road, Box 176, Center City, MN 55012-0176. Telephone 1-800-328 9000.

Institute on Black Chemical Abuse. This institute provides training and technical assistance to programs that want to serve African-American/ black clients and others of color more effectively. 2614 Nicollet Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55408. Telephone (612) 871-7878.

"Just Say No" Clubs. These clubs provide support and positive peer reinforcement to youngsters through workshops, seminars, newsletters, and a variety of activities. 1777 North California Boulevard, Suite 200, Walnut Creek, CA 94596. Telephone 1-800-258 2766/(415) 939-6666.

Nar-Anon Family Group Headquarters. This organization operates in a manner similar to AlAnon and supports people who have friends or family members with drug problems. World Service Office, P.O. Box 2562, Palos Verdes Peninsula, CA 90274. Telephone (213) 547-5800.

Narcotics Anonymous. Similar to Alcoholics Anonymous, this program is a fellowship of men and women who meet to help one another with their drug dependency problems. World Service Office, P.O. Box 9999, Van Nuys, CA 91409. Telephone (818) 780- 3951. National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI). NCADI is a resource for alcohol and other drug information. It carries a wide variety of publications dealing with alcohol and other drug abuse. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20852. Telephone 1-800-SAY NOTO/(301) 468-2600.

National Council on Alcoholism, Inc. This national voluntary health agency provides information about alcoholism and alcohol problems through more than 300 local affiliates. 12 West 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Telephone (212) 206-6770. National Crime Prevention Council. This organization works to prevent crime and drug use in many ways, including developing materials (audio visual, reproducible brochures, and other publications) for parents and children. 1700 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Telephone (202) 466-NCPC.

National Federation of Parents for Drug-Free Youth, Inc. This organization sponsors the National Red Ribbon Campaign to reduce the demand for drugs and the Responsible Educated Adolescents Can Help (REACH) program designed to educate junior and senior high school students about drug abuse. P.O. Box 3878, St. Louis, MO 63122. Telephone (314) 968-1322.

National PTA Drug and Alcohol Abuse Prevention Project. Offers kits, brochures, posters, and other publications on alcohol and other drugs for parents, teachers, and PTA organizations. 700 North Rush Street, Chicago, IL 60611. Telephone (312) 577-4500. Safe Homes. This national organization encourages parents to sign a contract stipulating that when parties are held in one another's homes they will adhere to a strict no-alcohol/no drug- use rule. P.O. Box 702, Livingston, NJ 07039.

Toughlove. This national self-help group for parents, children, and communities emphasizes cooperation, personal initiative, and action. It publishes a newsletter, brochures, and books, and it holds workshops. P.O. Box 1069, Doylestown, PA 18901. Telephone 1-800 333-1069/(215) 348-7090.

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Toll-Free Information

1-800-COCAINE--A COCAINE HELPLINE

A round-the-clock information and referral service. Recovering cocaine-addict counselors answer the phones, offer guidance, and refer drug users and parents to local public and private treatment centers and family learning centers.

1-800-NCA-CALL--NATIONAL COUNCIL ON ALCOHOLISM INFORMATION LINE

The National Council on Alcoholism, Inc., is a national nonprofit organization that combats alcoholism, other drug addictions, and related problems. The council also provides referral services to families and individuals seeking help with alcoholism or other drug problems.

1-800-622-HELP NIDA HOTLINE

NIDA Hotline is a confidential information and referral line that directs callers to cocaine abuse treatment centers in the local community. Free materials on drug abuse are also distributed in response to inquiries.

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General Reading List for Parents

Drug-Free Kids: A Parents' Guide, 1986. Scott Newman Center, 6255 Sunset Blvd., Suite 1906, Los Angeles, CA 90028. Available in English and in Spanish. $6.50 plus tax for the English-language version.

Kids and Drugs: A Handbook for Parents and Professionals, by Joyce Tobias, 1987. PANDAA Press, 4111 Watkins Trail, Annandale, VA 22003. $6.90.

Peer Pressure Reversal, by Sharon Scott, 1985, reprinted 1988. Human Resource Development Press, 22 Amherst Road, Amherst, MA 01002. $9.95. Pot Safari, by Peggy Mann, 1982, reprinted 1987. Woodmere Press, Cathedral Finance Station, P.O. Box 20190, New York, NY 10125. $6.95.

Preparing for the Drug-Free Years: A Family Activity Book, by J. David Hawkins, et al., 1988. Developmental Research and Programs, Box 85746, Seattle, WA 98145. $10.95.

Team Up for Drug Prevention with America's Young Athletes, Drug Enforcement Administration, Demand Reduction Section, 1405 I Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20537. Free.

Ten Steps To Help Your Child Say "No": A Parent's Guide, 1986. National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20852. Free.

The Fact Is...Hispanic Parents Can Help Their Children Avoid Alcohol and Other Drug Problems, 1989. National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20852. Free.

The Fact Is...You Can Prevent Alcohol and Other Drug Problems Among Elementary School Children, 1988. National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20852. Free.

The Fact Is...You Can Help Prevent Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Secondary School Students, 1989. National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20252. Free.

Young Children and Drugs: What Parents Can Do, 1987. The Wisconsin Clearinghouse, 1954 E. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI 53704. $6.00 per 100 brochures.

What Works: Schools Without Drugs, U.S. Department of Education, 1986, revised in 1989. National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20852. Free.

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General Reading List for Elementary School Children

A Little More About Alcohol, 1984. Alcohol Research Information Service, 1120 East Oakland Avenue, Lansing, MI 48906. $0.75. A cartoon character explains facts about alcohol and its effects on the body.

Alcohol: What It Is, What It Does, by Judith S. Seixas, 1977. Greenwillow Books, 105 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. $5.95. An easy-to-read illustrated primer on the use and abuse of alcohol.

An Elephant in the Living Room: The Children's Book, by Marion H. Hyppo and Jill M. Hastings, 1984. CompCare Publications, Box 27777, Minneapolis, MN 55427. $6.00. An illustrated workbook designed to help children from alcoholic homes understand that alcoholism is a disease and that they are not alone in coping with its effects.

Buzzy's Rebound, by William Cosby and Jim Willoughby, 1986. National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20852. Free. An 18-page "Fat Albert" comic book that describes the pressure on a new kid in town to drink.

Kids and Alcohol: Get High On Life, by Jamie Rattray et al., 1984. Health Communications, Inc. 1721 Blount Road, Suite 1, Pompano Beach, FL 33069. $5.95. A workbook designed to help children (ages 11-14) make important decisions in their lives and feel good about themselves.

Kootch Talks About Alcoholism, by Mary Kay Schwandt, 1984. Serenity Work, 1455 North University Drive, Fargo, ND 58102. $3.00. A 40-page coloring book in which Kootch the worm helps young children understand alcoholism and alcoholics.

The Sad Story of Mary Wanna or How Marijuana Harms You, by Peggy Mann, illustrated by Naomi Lind, 1988. Woodmere Press, P.O. Box 20190, Cathedral Finance Station, New York, NY 10025. $2.95. A 40-page activity book for children in grades 1-4 that contains pictures of the damage that marijuana does to the body.

Whiskers Says No to Drugs, 1987. Weekly Reader Skills Books, Field Publications, 245 Long Hill Road, Middletown, CT 06457. $1.50. This book contains stories and follow-up activities for students in grades 2 and 3 to provide information and form attitudes before they face peer pressure to experiment.

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General Reading List for Secondary School Children

Chew or Snuff Is Real Bad Stuff. National Cancer Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Building 31, Room 10A24, Bethesda, MD 20892. Free. This 8-page pamphlet describes the hazards of using smokeless tobacco.

Christy's Chance, 1987. Network Publications, P.O. Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA 95061-1830. $3.95. A story geared to younger teens that allows the reader to make a non-use decision about marijuana.

Different Like Me: A Book for Teens Who Worry About Their Parents' Use of Alcohol/Drugs, 1987. Johnson Institute, 7151 Metro Boulevard, Minneapolis, MN 55435. $6.95. This 110 page book provides support and information for teens who are concerned, confused, scared, and angry because their parents abuse alcohol and other drugs.

Don't Lose a Friend to Drugs, 1986. National Crime Prevention Council, 1700 K Street, N.W., 2d Floor, Washington, DC 20006. Free. This brochure offers practical advice to teenagers on how to say "no" to drugs, how to help a friend who uses drugs, and how to initiate community efforts to prevent drug use.

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Videos

A Gift for Life: Helping Your Children Stay Alcohol and Drug Free, 1989. American Council on Drug Education, 204 Monroe Street, Suite 110, Rockville, MD 20850. $29.95.

Drug-Free Kids: A Parent's Guide, 1986. Scott Newman Center, 6255 Sunset Blvd., Suite 1906, Los Angeles, CA 90028. $32.50 Say NO! to Drugs: A Parent's Guide to Teaching Your Kids How To Grow Up Without Drugs and Alcohol, 1986. PRIDE, The Hurt Building, 50 Hurt Plaza, Suite 210, Atlanta, GA 30303. Order No. F008S, $25.95.

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What Parents Can Do

California Department of Justice. Drugs and Youth: An Information Guide for Parents and Educators. Produced by the Crime Prevention Center of the Office of the Attorney General and the Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement, 1988.

Fraser, Mark W., J. David Hawkins and Matthew 0. Howard. "Parent Training for Delinquency Prevention," in Parent Training and Prevention Approaches. New York: Haworth Press, 1988.

Johnston, Lloyd D., Jerald G. Bachman, and Patrick M. O'Malley. Monitoring the Future: Questionnaire Responses from the Nation's High School Seniors. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, 1988.

McKay, Gordon D. "Parents as Role Models" in Parenting as Prevention: Preventing Alcohol and Other Drug Use Problems in the Family. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Substance Abuse and Prevention, 1989.

Novello, Joseph R. Raising Kids American Style. New York: A and W Publishers Inc., 1981.

Stern, Alvera. "Parents as Educators" in Parenting as Prevention: Preventing Alcohol and Other Drug Use Problems in the Family.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Substance Abuse Prevention, 1989.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Illicit Drug Use, Smoking, and Drinking by America's High School Students, College Students, and Young Adults, 1975-1987. Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, 1988.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Press release on the 1988 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse, July 31, 1989.

Youcha, Geraldine, and Judith S. Seixas. Drugs, Alcohol, and Your Children: How to Keep Your Family Substance-Free. New York: Crown Publishers, 1989.

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Applying the Principles

Ames, Louise Bates, and Frances L. Ilg. Your Four Year Old: Wild and Wonderful. (Gesell Institute of Child Development) New York: Delacorte Press, 1976.

Ames, Louise Bates, and Frances L. Ilg. Your Three-Year Old: Friend or Enemy? (Gesell Institute of Child Development) New York: Delacorte Press, 1976.

Briggs, Dorothy C. Your Child's Self-Esteem. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

Garner, Alan. It's O.K. to Say No to Drugs: A Parent/Child Manual for the Protection of Children. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 1987.

Kantrowitz, Barbara, and Wingert, Pat. "How Kids Learn," Newsweek 103, no. 16 (April 17, 1989):pp-50-57.

Perkins, W. M., and N. McMurtrie-Perkins. Raising Drug-Free Kids in a Drug-Filled World. Center City, MN: Hazelden, 1986.

Rich, Dorothy. MegaSkills: How Families Can Help Children Succeed in School and Beyond. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988.

Scott, Sharon. PPR: Peer Pressure Reversal. Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press, Inc., 1985.

U.S. Department of Education. Drug Prevention Curricula: A Guide to Selection and Implementation. Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1988

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What to Do If Your Child is Using Drugs

Dryfoos, J. D. "Youth At Risk: One in Four in Jeopardy." Unpublished report submitted to the Carnegie Corporation, 1987.

Hawkins, J. David, et al. Childhood Predictors of Adolescent Substance Abuse: Toward an Empirically Grounded Theory. New York: Haworth Press, 1986.

Kumpfer, K. L. Youth at High Risk for Substance Abuse. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1987. (ADM 87-1537).

Newcomb, M. B., and P. M. Bentler. Consequences of Adolescent Drug Use. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 1988.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Questions and Answers: Teenage Alcohol Use and Abuse. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1983.

Werner, E. E., and R. S. Smith. Vulnerable but Invincible: A Longitudinal Study of Resilient Children and Youth. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.

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Specific Drugs and Their Effects

Petersen, Robert C. Childhood and Adolescent Drug Abuse: A Physician's Guide to Office Practice. New York: The American Council for Drug Education, 1987.

U.S. Department of Education. What Works: Schools Without Drugs. 1989.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Sixth Annual Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1987. U.S. Department of Justice. Drugs of Abuse. Drug Enforcement Administration, 1988.

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Ordering Copies

To order additional copies of this guide free of charge, please call the Department of Education's toll-free number 1-800-=624-0100 in the Washington, DC, area, call 732-3627

Or send your name and address to

Growing Up Drug Free
Pueblo, CO 81009

or to the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information
P.O. Box 2345
Rockville, MD 20852

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Credits

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The U.S. Department of Education wishes to thank the following persons who provided comments on this publication:

Owen S. Bubel, Ph.D., Developmental and Psychological Services Associates

Lee Dogoloff, American Council on Drug Education

Charles Flatter, Ph.D., University of Maryland

J. David Hawkins, Ph.D., University of Washington

Elizabeth Karnes, National Commission on Drug Free Schools

Michael Klitzner, Ph.D., Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation

Elizabeth S. McConnell, U.S. Attorney's Office, Tampa, FL

Anne Meyer, National Federation of Parents for Drug-Free Youth

Cindi Moats, University of California, Irvine

Nelia Nadal, National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information

Katherine Powell, Alice Ferguson Foundation

Leo T. Powell, Powell and Associates

John Rosiak, National Crime Prevention Council

Sue Ruche, Families in Action

Mel Segal, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services

Nancy Simpson, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services

Joyce Tobias, PANDAA

John Van Schoonhoven, Greenbelt Center Elementary School

Manya Unger, National Parent-Teacher Association

The following employees of the U.S. Department of Education helped prepare this volume:

Mahlon Anderson
Randolph A. Beales
Chino Chapa
Judith Cherrington
Maura Daly
Charlotte Dalton Gillespie
Alan Ginsburg
Dick W. Hays
David Nohara
Kimmon Richards
Loretta Riggans
Deborah Rudy
Ricky Takai
Barbara Vespucci

Note: Graphics Omitted for on-line version
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