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Assessing Children For The Presence Of A Disability

Primary Areas of Assessment



Source

National Information Center
for Children and Youth with Disabilities

Contents

Introduction to Assessment

Methods of Gathering Information

Parents' Role in the Assessment Process

Assessing Students Who Are Culturally and Linguistically Diverse

Primary Areas of Assessment

Putting It All Together: Interpreting Results and Summary

References and List of Publishers


Forums

Learning and Other Disabilities


Related Articles

Questions Often Asked About Special Education Services

Testing Students with Disabilities



References

Alley, G. R., & Deshler, D. (1979). Teaching the learning disabled adolescent: Strategies and methods. Denver, CO: London Publishing Company. (This book is no longer available from the publisher, but may be available in your local public library.)

American Association on Mental Retardation. (1992). Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of support (9th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Berdine, W.H., & Meyer, S.A. (1987). Assessment in special education. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. (Available from Harper-Collins.)

Bigge, J.L. (1990). Teaching individuals with physical and multiple disabilities (3rd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill.

Bloom, L., & Lahey, M. (1978). Language development and language disorders. New York: Wiley.

Campione, J.C., & Brown, A.L. (1987). Linking dynamic assessment with school achievement. In C.S. Lidz (Ed.), Dynamic assessment: An interactional approach to evaluating learning potential (pp. 82-115). New York: Guilford.

Carlson, J.S., & Wiedl, K.H. (1978). Use of testing-the-limits procedures in the assessment of intellectual capabilities of children with learning difficulties. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 82, 559-564.

Carlson, J.S., & Wiedl, K.H. (1979). Toward a differential testing approach: Testing-the-limits employing the Raven Matrices. Intelligence, 3, 323-344.

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR); Title 34; Parts 300 to 399, July 1, 1993. (Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office.)

Conoley, J.C., & Kramer, J.J. (Eds.). (1992). Eleventh mental measurement yearbook. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Covarrubias v. San Diego Unified School District (Southern California), No. 70-394-T, (S.D., Cal. February, 1971).

Diana v. California State Board of Education. No. C-70 37 RFP, District Court of Northern California (February, 1970).

Elliott, R. (1987). Litigating intelligence: IQ tests, special education, and social science in the courtroom. Dover, MA: Auburn House.

Franklin, M.E. (1992, October/November). Culturally sensitive instructional practices for African-America learners with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 59(2), 115-122.

Grossman, H.J. (Ed.). (1983). Manual on terminology and classification in mental retardation (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Deficiency. (No longer available from the publisher.)

Guadalupe Organization Inc. v. Tempe Elementary School District. No. CIV 71-435, Phoenix (D. Arizona, January 24, 1972).

Hamill, D.D., Brown, L., & Bryant, B.R. (1992). A consumer's guide to tests in print. Austin: Pro-Ed.

Harry, B. (1992). Cultural diversity, families, and the special education system: Communication and empowerment. New York: Teachers College Press.

Henderson, E. (1985). Teaching spelling. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. (This book is no longer available from the publisher, but a 1990 update is.)

Heward, W.L., & Orlansky, M.D. (1992). Exceptional children: An introductory survey of special education (4th ed.). New York: Merrill.

Hodgkinson, L. (1985). All one system: Demographics of education. Washington, DC: Institute for Educational Leadership.

Hoy, C., & Gregg, N. (1994). Assessment: The special educator's role. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (P.L. 101-476), 20 U.S.C. Chapter 33, Sections 1400-1485, 1990.

Jitendra, A.K., & Kameenui, E.J. (1993, September/October). Dynamic assessment as a compensatory assessment approach: A description and analysis. Remedial and Special Education, 14(5), 6-18.

Kamphaus, R. W. (1993). Clinical assessment of children's intelligence. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Keogh, B., & Margolis, T. (1976). Learn to labor and wait: Attentional problems of children with learning disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 9, 276-286.

Kozloff, M. (1994). Improving educational outcomes for children with disabilities: Principles for assessment, program planning, and evaluation. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.

Larry P. v. Riles, C-71-2270 RFP, Opinion, October 10, 1979.

Lerner, J. (1988). Learning disabilities: Theories, diagnosis, and teaching strategies (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. (This book is no longer available from the publisher, but the 6th edition, published in 1993, is available.)

Liberman, I, & Shankweiler, D. (1987). Phonology and the problems of learning to read and write. In H. L. Swanson (Ed.), Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities. Greenwich, CT: Jai Press. (This book is no longer available, but the 8th edition, published in 1994, is available.)

Lidz, C.S. (Ed.). (1987). Dynamic assessment: An interactional approach to evaluating learning potential. New York: Guilford.

National Center for Education Statistics. (1992). American education at a glance. Washington, DC: Author.

Ortiz, A. (1986). Characteristics of limited English proficient Hispanic students served in programs for the learning disabled: Implications for policy and practice (Part II). Bilingual Special Education Newsletter, University of Texas at Austin, Vol. IV.

Overton, T. (1992). Assessment in special education: An applied approach. New York: Macmillan.

Reid, D. K., & Hresko, W.P. (1981). A cognitive approach to learning disabilities. New York: McGraw-Hill. (This book is no longer available from the publisher.)

Roth-Smith, C. (1991). Learning disabilities: The interaction of learner, task, and setting. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. (This book is no longer available from the publisher.)

Salvia, J., & Ysseldyke, J. (1991). Assessment in special education and remedial education (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Sewell, T.E. (1987). Dynamic assessment as a nondiscriminatory procedure. In C.S. Lidz (Ed.), Dynamic assessment: An interactional approach to evaluating learning potential (pp. 426-443). New York: Guilford.

Shapiro, E. S. (1989). Academic skills problems: Direct assessment and intervention. New York: Guilford.

Stanovich, K. (1982). Individual differences in the cognitive processes of reading. I: Word decoding. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 15, 485-493.

Swanson, H. C., & Watson, B. L. (1989). Educational and psychological assessment of exceptional children (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill Publishing Company.

Sweetland, R.C., & Keyser, D.J. (Eds.). (1991). Tests: A comprehensive reference for assessments in psychology, education, and business (3rd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

Taylor, R. L. (1993). Assessment of exceptional children: Educational and psychological procedures (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Terrell, S.L. (Ed.). (1983, June). Nonbiased assessment of language differences [Special issue]. Topics in Language Disorders, 3(3).

Vellutino, F. R. (1979). Dyslexia: Theory and research. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Wallace, G., Larsen, S.C., & Elksnin, L.K. (1992). Educational assessment of learning problems: Testing for teaching. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Wechsler, D. (1958). The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

Wiederhold, J. L., Hammill, D. D., & Brown, V. L. (1978). The resource teacher. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Wodrich, D.L., & Joy, J.E. (1986). Multidisciplinary assessment of children with learning disabilities and mental retardation. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. (This book is no longer available from the publisher.)

The references listed above were mentioned throughout this News Digest and are good sources of information on assessment. There are many more resources available on this subject. For a more extensive listing of the books and articles available, please refer to the NICHCY bibliographies on assessment, available separately from this News Digest. There is a bibliography designed specifically for families and one designed specifically for schools. Each lists selected books or articles available on:

  • curriculum-based assessment;

  • dynamic assessment;

  • assessing students who are linguistically or culturally diverse; and

  • assessing for specific disabilities or in specific skill areas (i.e., attention deficit disorder, behavior, hearing or visual impairments, intelligence, language, learning/reading disabilities, mental retardation, nonverbal individuals, and physical/multiple disabilities).

If you did not receive a bibliography with this publication, please contact NICHCY for a free copy of the bibliography appropriate to your needs.


Organizations

The organizations listed below are only a few of the many that provide services and information about disability issues to families and professionals. We have selected these organizations because they may be able to respond to questions about the assessment of specific disabilities or provide guidance about the IEP development process. When calling or writing an organization, it is always a good idea to be as specific as you can in stating your needs and concerns. This helps organizations provide you with information that is truly helpful and on target.

Clearinghouses and Information Center

DB-Link, National Information Clearinghouse on Children Who are Deaf-Blind, 345 N. Monmouth Avenue, Monmouth, OR 97361. Telephone: (800) 438-9376; (800) 854-7013 (TTY).

ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities & Gifted Education, Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), 1920 Association Drive, Reston, VA 22091-1589. Telephone: (703) 620-3660; (800) 328-0272.

National Health Information Center, P.O. Box 1133, Washington, D.C. 20013-1133. Telephone: (301) 565-4167; (800) 336-4797.

National Information Center on Deafness (NICD), 800 Florida Avenue, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20002. Telephone: (202) 651-5051 (Voice); (202) 651-5052 (TT).

National Organization on Rare Disorders (NORD), 100 Route 37, P.O. Box 8923, New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783. Telephone: (800) 999-6673; (203) 746-6518; (203) 746-6927 (TT).

Other Organizations

American Association on Mental Retardation, 1719 Kalorama Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. Telephone: (202) 387-1968.

American Foundation for the Blind (AFB), 11 Penn Plaza, Suite 300, New York, NY 10001. Telephone: (800) 232-5463; (212) 502-7600 (Voice); (212) 502-7662 (TT).

American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), 4720 Montgomery Lane, P.O. Box 31220, Bethesda, MD 20824-1220. Telephone: (301) 652-2682; (800) 377-8555 (TT).

American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), 1111 North Fairfax Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. Telephone: (703) 684-2782; (800) 999-2782.

American Psychological Association, 750 First Street N.E., Washington, DC 20002-4242. Telephone: (202) 336-5500.

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. Telephone: (800) 638-8255; (301) 897-5700 (Voice/TT).

The Arc (formerly the Association for Retarded Citizens of the U.S.), 500 East Border St., Suite 300, Arlington, TX 76010. Telephone: (817) 261-6003; (817) 277-0553 (TT).

Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps (TASH), 29 W. Susquehanna Avenue, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD 21204. Telephone: (410) 828-8274.

Autism Society of America, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 650, Bethesda, MD 20814. Telephone: (800) 3-AUTISM; (301) 657-0881.

Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder (CH.A.D.D.), 499 NW 70th Avenue, Suite 308, Plantation, FL 33317. Telephone: (305) 587-3700.

Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), 1920 Association Drive, Reston, VA 22091. Telephone: (703) 620-3660.

Epilepsy Foundation of America (EFA), 4351 Garden City Drive, Suite 406, Landover, MD 20785. Telephone: (800) 332-1000; (301) 459-3700.

Family Resource Center on Disabilities, 20 East Jackson Boulevard, Room 900, Chicago, IL 60604. Telephone: (800) 952-4199; (312) 939-3513; (312) 939-3519 (TT).

International Rett Syndrome Association, 9121 Piscataway Road, Suite 2B, Clinton, MD 20735. Telephone: (301) 856-3334.

Learning Disability Association of America (LDA), 4156 Library Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15234. Telephone: (412) 341-1515; (412) 341-8077.

Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA), 3300 East Sunrise Drive, Tucson, AZ 85718. Telephone: (800) 223-6666; (602) 529-2000.

National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI), 200 N. Glebe Road, Suite 1015, Arlington, VA 22203-3754. Telephone: (800) 950-NAMI; (703) 524-7600.

National Association of School Psychologists, 8455 Colesville Road, Silver Spring, MD 20910. Telephone: (301) 608-0500.

National Association of State Directors of Education, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 320, Alexandria, VA 22314. Telephone: (703) 519-3800; (703) 519-7008 (TT).

National Down Syndrome Congress, 1605 Chantilly Drive, Suite 250, Atlanta, GA 30324. Telephone: (800) 232-6372; (404) 633-1555.

National Down Syndrome Society, 666 Broadway, New York, NY 10012. Telephone: (800) 221-4602; (212) 460-9330.

National Easter Seal Society, 230 West Monroe Street, Suite 1800, Chicago, IL 60606. Telephone: (800) 221-6827; (312) 726-6200; (312) 726-4258 (TT).

National Head Injury Foundation, Inc., 1776 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Suite 100, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 296-6443.

National Spinal Cord Injury Association, 545 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. Telephone: (800) 962-9629; (617) 441-8500.

Orton Dyslexia Society, Chester Building #382, 8600 LaSalle Road, Baltimore, MD 21204. Telephone: (800) 222-3123; (410) 296-0232.

PACER Center, 4826 Chicago Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55417. Telephone: Outside of MN, (612) 827-2966; in MN, 1-800-537-2237.

Spina Bifida Association of America, 4590 MacArthur Boulevard, N.W., Suite 250, Washington, DC 20007. Telephone: (800) 621-3141; (202) 944-3285.

United Cerebral Palsy Associations, Inc., 1660 L Street N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20036. Telephone: (800) 872-5827; (202) 842-1266.


List Of Publishers

The publishers listed below (in alphabetical order) are presented to help readers obtain the resources listed throughout this News Digest. If you are interested in obtaining any of the resources we've listed, it's a good idea to contact the publisher and find out the latest payment and ordering procedures. These addresses and phone numbers are, of course, subject to change without notice.

Allyn & Bacon, Order Processing Center, P.O. Box 11071, Des Moines, IA 50336-1071. 1-800-947-7700.

American Association on Mental Retardation, Publications Center, P.O. Box 25, Annapolis Junction, MD 20701-0025. Telephone: (301) 604-1340.

Auburn House: Contact Greenwood Publishing, 88 Post Road W., Box 5007, Westport, CT 06881. Telephone: 1-800-225-5800; (203) 226-3571.

Brooks/Cole, Wadsworth, Inc. Distribution Center, Customer Service, 7625 Empire Drive, Florence, KY 41042. Telephone: 1-800-354-9706.

Guilford Press, 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012. Telephone: 1-800-365-7006.

Harper Collins, 1160 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111. Telephone: 1-800-328-5125.

Harvard University Press, Attention: Customer Service, 79 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138. Telephone: 1-800-448-2242; (617) 495-2600.

Houghton Mifflin, Wayside Road, Burlington, MA 01803. Telephone: 1-800-225-1464.

Jai Press, 55 Old Post Road, No. 2, P.O. Box 1678, Greenwich, CT 06836. Telephone: (203) 661-7602.

John Wiley and Sons, Orders to: Eastern Distribution Center, 1 Wiley Drive, Somerset, NJ 08875-1272. Telephone: 1-800-225-5945.

Macmillan Publishing Company, 100 Front Street, Box 500, Riverside, NJ 08075-7500. Telephone: 1-800-257-5755.

Merrill, see Macmillan.

MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. Telephone: (617) 625-8569; 1-800356-0343.

Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company, P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. Telephone: 1-800-638-3775.

Pro-Ed, 8700 Shoal Creek Boulevard, Austin, TX 78758. Telephone: 1-800-397-7633; (512) 451-3246.

Teachers College Press, P.O. Box 20, Williston, VT 05495. Telephone: 1-800-488-2665.

University of Nebraska Press, 901 N. 17th Street, Room 327, Lincoln, NE 68588-0520. Telephone: (402) 472-3581; 1-800-755-1105.

Wiley, see John Wiley and Sons, above.

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